Abstract: The literature investigates that the six-axis spatial error of the rotary axis, which affects the machining accuracy of the five-axis CNC machine tool, is a key problem that needs to be solved urgently in the current motion axis. Mathematical basic theory modeled and analyzed the spatial six-azimuth errors of the rotary axis, obtained the magnitude and mutual influence of the six-azimuth errors of the rotary axis, and applied the dual-frequency laser interferometer angle detection component to carry out the online detection of the rolling errors of the rotary axis. With identification calculation, the existing characteristics of roll error are summarized, an adaptive compensation method is proposed, and a roll error compensation model is established. Experiments show that the researched identification theory and compensation method are effective and feasible. The variance has been reduced to 2.769×10⁻², which can meet the motion requirements of high-precision five-axis CNC machine tools.