Abstract: Gears and their transmission devices are the core basic components of modern mechanical equipment, and the residual stress distribution state of gears is an important factor affecting their service life. Taking 18CrNiMo7-6 carburized steel as the research object, the influence of ultrasonic rolling strengthening processing parameters such as static pressure, ultrasonic amplitude and ultrasonic frequency on the residual stress of the specimen surface was studied by combining numerical simulation and experimental research. The results show that ultrasonic rolling strengthening effectively improves the residual stress on the surface of 18CrNiMo7-6 carburized steel, and with the increase of static pressure and ultrasonic amplitude, the residual compressive stress, maximum residual compressive stress and residual compressive stress layer thickness of 18CrNiMo7-6 carburized steel specimen are significantly improved.