Abstract: Rail form grinding is aimed at extending the lifespan of rails and improving the wheel/rail contact relationship. However, there is still a lack of systematic investigations on the machined surface integrity of rails after form grinding at present. Based on this, a single-factor experimental approach was performed to systematically study the effects of grinding parameters on the surface integrity of U71Mn rails. Firstly, a rail form-grinding machining platform was utilized to investigate the effects of feed speed, grinding depth, and wheel peripheral velocity on the surface integrity. Secondly, the morphology and energy spectrum of spherical and ribbon-shaped grinding chips were analyzed. The results show that increasing the feed rate and grinding depth increases Ra by 60% and 123.02%, and Rz by 18.92% and 23.16%, respectively; increasing the wheel peripheral velocity reduces Ra and Rz by 29.29% and 18.03%, respectively. When the feed speed is 0.65 m/min, the grinding depth is 0.13 mm, and the wheel peripheral velocity is 21.67 m/s, the thickness of the subsurface plastic deformation layer reaches the maximum values of 10 μm, 15 μm and 13 μm, respectively. The microhardness shows a trend of first decreasing and then stabilizing. The oxygen content of the spherical grinding chips produced by grinding is 36.65%, which is much higher than that of the ribbon-shaped grinding chips.