Abstract: The column serves as a critical load-bearing component in precision jig boring machine tools, significantly influencing the dynamic performance of the entire machine. To enhance the dynamic characteristics of the machine tool, an optimization-based design method for a slanted column structure was proposed. Initially, a whole-machine dynamic model of the machine tool was established through the finite element method (FEM). Analysis of the low-order mode shapes was then conducted to identify fundamental design principles for improving structural dynamic performance. Simulation results show that, compared to a conventional constant cross-section column, the slanted column structure leads to an increase in the natural frequencies of the machine's low-order modes. To further optimize the key dimensions of the slanted column structure, a two-stage response surface optimization strategy for the design parameters of the slanted column was proposed. This strategy was employed to identify the sensitivity relationship between the column's geometric dimensions and the first-order natural frequency, and determine the optimal range for the key dimensions. The optimal design dimensions were finally determined by constructing a quadratic regression model between the column's geometric parameters and the first-order natural frequency. The optimization results demonstrate that the mass of the optimized slanted column is reduced by 9.4%, while the first-order and second-order natural frequency increases by 5.5%, and 20.4%, respectively. Modal analysis validated the effectiveness of the proposed optimization method. This approach not only enhances the low-order natural frequencies of the machine tool but also achieves a lightweight design, demonstrating significant engineering application value.