Abstract: Selective laser melting (SLM) technology is prone to defects such as balling and poor fusion when preparing nickel-based superalloys, which severely deteriorates the surface quality and deposition quality of the formed parts. Therefore, this study focuses on GH4169, designing 16 sets of single-factor experiments to investigate the effects of key process parameters, including laser power, scanning speed, and hatch spacing, on surface roughness and density of the formed samples. The results show that hatch spacing has the most significant impact on both roughness and density. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for multi-objective optimization, with roughness and density as performance indicators. The optimal process parameters were determined to be a laser power of 155.56 W, scanning speed of 633.33 mm/s, and hatch spacing of 75.00 μm. The results indicate that the optimized process parameters significantly reduced balling and porosity defects. Compared with the average values before optimization, roughness decreased by 31.94%, and density increased by 0.36%, providing technical support for improving the forming quality of SLM nickel-based superalloys.