Abstract: Owing to its excellent corrosion resistance, favorable fatigue performance, and outstanding machinability, aluminum alloy has been regarded as an indispensable key structural material in fields such as aerospace and transportation. However, due to its relatively low stiffness and the prevalence of thin-walled or thin-plate structures, machining deformation is highly prone to occur under the coupled effects of cutting forces, clamping forces, and residual stresses during processing, leading to dimensional and geometric inaccuracies. Therefore, an in-depth investigation into the mechanisms of machining-induced deformation in aluminum alloys, along with the prediction and control of such deformations, is of great significance for improving machining efficiency and quality. Recent research progress on deformation mechanisms and control strategies in the machining of aluminum alloys is reviewed. The formation mechanisms of machining deformations in various thin-walled aluminum alloy structural components are systematically analyzed from the perspectives of initial residual stress, machining-induced residual stress, cutting forces, and fixturing schemes, along with corresponding deformation control methods. Finally, future research directions and development trends for achieving high-efficiency and high-precision machining of aluminum alloys are discussed.