Abstract: Aiming at the challenge of insufficient control over form tolerances during the internal cylindrical grinding of bushings for air-bearing turntables, the causes of cylindricity errors is investigated and a collaborative control strategy involving multiple process parameters is proposed. Utilizing a self-developed ultra-precision air-bearing grinding machine equipped with an in-situ measurement system, a five-factor, four-level orthogonal design and Box-Behnken response surface tests-were conducted to systematically examine the effects of grinding wheel speed, workpiece speed, feed depth, reciprocating speed, and cycle count on the internal bore cylindrical error of the bushing. The results indicate that grinding wheel speed has the most significant impact on cylindrical error, followed by workpiece speed and cycle count. By establishing and validating a multivariate quadratic response surface regression model, an optimized set of process parameters was derived, namely grinding wheel speed of 3 000 r/min, workpiece speed of 200 r/min, feed depth of 2 μm, reciprocating speed of 0.75 mm/s, and cycle count of 4. Experimental verification confirmed that under these parameters, a cylindrical error of 0.96 μm and a surface roughness of 0.411 μm could be achieved.