Abstract: To address the issue of fatigue failure caused by stress concentration at the root of high-strength threaded components used in aerospace, this study takes M12 × 1.75 alloy threaded parts as the research object. The ultrasonic rolling process is applied to strengthen the thread root, and comparative experiments are conducted by controlling rolling forces (100 N, 300 N, 500 N). Combined with finite element simulation and tensile-tension fatigue tests, the influence of ultrasonic rolling on the surface integrity and fatigue life of threaded components is systematically investigated. The results show that ultrasonic rolling can introduce high-amplitude residual compressive stress at the thread root, significantly improve the surface hardness, and optimize the surface morphology. With the increase of rolling force, the residual compressive stress, surface hardness, and hardened layer depth increase continuously, while the surface quality and fatigue life show a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. When the rolling force is 300 N, the surface turning marks are basically eliminated without processing defects, and the compressive residual stress reaches −568.26 MPa, the surface hardness is increased by 10.68%, and the average fatigue life reaches 223 335 cycles, which is 4 times that of the untreated specimen. Excessive rolling force (500 N) will cause damage such as pits and microcracks in the surface layer, leading to a decline in fatigue performance. The research results can provide an experimental basis and process reference for anti-fatigue manufacturing of high-strength threaded components.