Abstract: With the development of rolling bearings in China toward high-performance stages, progress has been slow due to factors such as machining precision, equipment capabilities, and inspection technologies, severely limiting the overall performance improvement of bearings. Among these, roller crowning technology is a core method to overcome edge effects and enhance bearing lifespan. Based on China's strategic demand for high-performance, high-precision, and long-life bearings, this paper systematically reviews the design theory, processing techniques, and inspection methods of bearing roller crowning. It focuses on summarizing various roller crowning profile modification approaches, design theories, and key characteristics, analyzes the fundamental principles, process methods, and applicable scopes of traditional and emerging processing technologies, elaborate on the measurement principles of two types of offline reference testing equipment: stylus profilometers and coordinate measuring machines, and supplement with the current development status and application limitations of non-contact online testing technologies such as laser 3D profilometers. Finally, it identifies opportunities and challenges in future digital design of complex crowning profiles, precision machining, and online inspection, providing theoretical insights for the in-depth advancement of key technologies in high-performance rolling bearings.