Abstract: Face grinding is widely utilized in precision manufacturing due to its high efficiency and accuracy, but the issue of uneven surface removal significantly limits the improvement of machining quality. To reveal the internal causes of this phenomenon and propose optimization schemes, systematic simulation and experimental studies were carried out. Firstly, static, modal and transient dynamic analyses were completed based on the dynamic and static characteristics of the spindle system. Secondly, a grain motion equation coupling the static and dynamic characteristics of the spindle system with grain deflection was established, and the contour search method was adopted to analyze the formation mechanism of the workpiece surface. Finally, an orthogonal experimental scheme was designed for verification tests. Simulation results show that as the axial depth of cut increases, the grain deflection increases synchronously. No resonance response occurs when the spindle speed is within the range of 0-1 400 r/min, and the Z-direction displacement of the grinding wheel increases linearly first and then tends to be stable. A non-integer speed ratio can make the distribution of grain motion trajectories more uniform. Experimental tests show that an increase in grinding wheel speed intensifies spindle vibration, leading to an increase in height fluctuation at the center of the workpiece. When the normal feed rate increases, the overall height difference of the workpiece surface changes significantly. In addition, spindle vibration directly affects micro-morphology indicators such as surface roughness, while grinding wheel compliance plays a dominant role in form and position errors such as flatness. The core causes of uneven surface removal in face grinding are clarified through the combination of simulation and experiment, and targeted improvement suggestions are proposed, which provide theoretical support and experimental basis for the optimization and upgrading of face grinding technology and its application in precision manufacturing.